Kelly, Pomerantz, and Currie (2005), for example, found that self-described skater girls (i.e., girls who associate with skateboard culture) were expressing their rejection of contemporary ideals of femininity. Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. Peer victimization and rejection have been found to be associated with psychological distress that carries over into adulthood (Ambert 1994; Bagwell, Newcomb, and Bukowski 1998; Roff 1990; Roth, Coles, and Heimberg 2002). For example, if a child came from an absent family, or was put in a school or daycare when they were an infant or toddler, a school-like institution may influence primary socialization (Whitbeck, 1999). Placing students in special education, for example, requires that students be labelled as formally needing specialized assistance in order to succeed with curricular expectations (Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan 2010). The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). Indeed, this is a problem facing a great deal of Aboriginal youth in Canada. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. There is one teacher for a large group of children and the relationship with the teacher is less personal than a childparent relationship. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. Raby (2005) suggests that students in such environments are not learning how to be active participatory citizens in a democracy, but instead learning how to cope with rules that have been imposed upon them. See Box 6.3 for further discussion about zero tolerance policies in Canada. WebFor example, a child whose parents value hard work may see a friends father sitting around watching television all day and begin to question the importance of work. Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. These ideals are normatively approved and accepted models of what a student should be like to fit into schooling contexts, not only in North America but in virtually all places where formal schooling occurs. Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. What are Brints three zones of socialization? Deviants, elites, and to some extent jocks were more likely to drink, while deviants were the group most likely to use marijuana. How do relationships with teachers influence the socialization of students? If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. In contrast, the English language arts academic trajectory in Alberta is ELA 10-1, 20-1, and 30-1 [which] provides a more in-depth study of text in terms of textual analysis. 2. Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). The following are illustrative examples of socializing. Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. Sweet et al. A dimension of socialization including the self-regulations of the body required of students to fit into the school environment, such as raising a hand or sitting still. What is streaming? This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. Students who are less academically inclined are put into classes that better match their abilities and interests, like vocational training. Alberta Education explains that this. What were the characteristics of popular students? Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). Recall from Chapter 2 that Boudon discussed how secondary effectslike the aforementioned characteristicscan impact on educational attainment because they influence the types of educational choices made by a student and his or her family. During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. These preferred styles reflect normative cultural values about what is valued cultural knowledge. The Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). Manitoba, for example, has a highly tracked mathematics program (McFeetors and Mason 2005). The second dimension of socialization is moral conformity, which refers to the process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong. Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. Bully victims often report experiencing headaches, extreme sadness, insomnia, stomachaches, and suicidal thoughts (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpel, Marttunen, Rimpel, and Rantanen 1999). Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. As he works through arguments on the playground or resolves disagreements at his lunch table, his negotiation skills, problem-solving abilities and self-control develop, reports the Scholastic website. As well, children who cannot engage themselves with the material being taught in the classroom may turn to disruption of peers due to boredom and frustration. Unless a child attended preschool or nursery, the structure and routines of the school day and the social relationships within the school setting must be entirely learned. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). Such outcomes suggest that the home schooled adults who answered the survey did not suffer from barriers due to socialization problems. The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. The series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes; also known as tracking. (2010), such conditions can only negatively impact the achievements of these students and further constrain their post-secondary prospects. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. The physical and emotional abuse experienced by children from other childrenotherwise known as bullying. No Way! Schools socialize children by teaching them their formal curricula but also a hidden curriculum that imparts the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. One of these values is the need to respect authority, as evidenced by these children standing in line. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. Within the general category of elites, such peer groups as populars, student union members, and preppies were found. Behavioural conformityrefers to the types of self-regulations of the body that a student must control in order to fit into the school environment. Beattie (2004) also did research on an alternative school in Toronto called the Corktown Community High School. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. Describe how peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression impact on the socialization experiences of students. As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. And How! Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. As noted by Reinke and Herman (2002), schools tend to have personalities of their own. Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. The outrage that followed the display by the Winnipeg teachers strongly supports the idea that teachers are implicit moral role models. 2007). It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. Wentzel and Looneys (2006) overview of previous research on school climate in the United States has shown that schools that are perceived to be caring communities by their students are associated with lower rates of delinquency and drug use. Many critics of home schooling have argued that because school is such an important basis for socialization, this can only mean that children who are home schooled are going to be missing out on some very key aspects of socialization. Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). The school setting is where the learning of the new role as a student occurs. 10. School dress codes can be a particularly contentious topic, particularly when the dress code rules appear to be targeting particular groups and if they do not appear to be enforced fairly. Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. As well, in such discussions, the impact that this would have on female students is rarely considered (Greig 2003). Sociology of Education in Canada by Dr. Karen L. Robson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Look on the internet for official curriculum documents about moral education in Canada. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. They found that Chinese boys were stereotyped as unmanly by White boys and that the White, middle-class definition of masculinity was realized through the rewarding of physically aggressive performances in PE class by these males and by their physical and verbal intimidation of the Chinese-Canadian males through the playing of football and dodgeball. Blair and Sanford (2004) found in their study of boys in an elementary school in Alberta that boys strongly preferred reading materials that they could talk about with their friends. But perhaps the worst part of school, especially public A commitment to ones school and education; associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students. While school uniforms are standard attire in the United Kingdom, they have not been adopted in most North American schools until relatively recently. There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization. Other perceived benefits of school uniforms, such as improved student achievement, improved self-esteem (particularly if less well-off students cannot afford the latest fashions), and the overall improvement of the learning environment (Pate 2006), have also been touted as rationales for implementation.
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